To Clone Or Not To Clone (1149 words) Essay Example For Students

To Clone Or Not To Clone (1149 words) Essay To Clone Or Not To CloneCloning is an issue that has been advancing during time. At thebegining, cloning was been investigated and was portrayed as somethingthat was difficult to reach. Indeed, even sci-fi motion pictures, such asMultiplicity, were created about cloning. As the time went through,cloning turned into a reality. In 1996 Dolly, the principal well evolved creature, a sheep wasborn. Cart was made by Ian Wilmut, an embryologist of the Roslinginsitute ( World Book, http://www.worldbook.com ). From that point forward, manymammals, for example, mice and calves were made. At the present time, there is afear, that people may be the close to be cloned. Ruth macklin and Charles Krauthammer examine this issue in twoessays were they state in the case of cloning is correct or wrong. Ruth Macklin, a teacher of Bioethics, composed an exposition about thisissue. Human Cloning? Dont Just Say No is the title of her article. We will compose a custom paper on To Clone Or Not To Clone (1149 words) explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Her article talks about the contrary reaction of the individuals to HumanCloning. As the title of the article says: Human Cloning? Dont Just SayNo, Macklin accepts that cloning merits an opportunity to be created inhumans. Macklin discusses Human Clones not being acknowledged as individuals. Shestates that an ethicist said once, that human cloning would be aviolation to one side to hereditary character (Perspectives ofContemporary Issues, pg. 508). Macklin questions about the exsistence ofthis right. She clarifies numerous focuses about Human Cloning and aboutethics. One of the focuses she mentiones, is about the infringement to humandignity. Scholars state that cloning would be an infringement to dignityand additionally that cloned people would be treated with less regard thanother individuals. Another issue she talks about is the way that Human Clones could be usedas human homesteads or organ givers. Macklin gives numerous models about thecases where human cloning may be acknowledged. Moms that can not havechildren, families that have youngsters that are wiped out to death or alsocouples that may have hereditary imperfections (Perspectives of ContemporaryIssues, pg. 508). Taking everything into account, Macklin figures, that human cloning ought to be acknowledged orat least an open door should been given to create Human Cloning. Then again, Charles Krauthammer, the writer of the secondessay Of Headless Mice..And Men is absolutely against Cloning in everyway. His paper discusses the cloning that was made in mice. Analysts have had the option to find various qualities and than deletesome qualities, just to perceive what comes out. They eradicated the clone thatcreates the head and delivered headless mice that obviosly passed on when thewere conceived. Krauthammer doesn't see, how people can make such sort ofmice. He discusses the opportunity of making people without any heads. Hesays, that the objective of these creation of headless people, could bekept as an organ ranch. He likewise gives instances of Cloning, for example, thepossibility to make models, and masters (Perspectives of ContemporaryIssues, pg. 510). Krauthammer mentiones that President Bill Clintonbanned cloning, however it wont be long until it is acknowledged. Krauthammercloncusion is the disallowance of Human cloning and each type ofcloning. These papers are an away from of what cloning is and what theresponses may be. As Macklin is agreeable to Cloning, Krauthammer isnot. Macklins article speaks increasingly about cloning as having a twin, a personthat will be living with us and structure some portion of the family. A companionthat will be there to live for what it's worth. There are different terms for cloning, for example, duplicate. .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 , .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .postImageUrl , .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 , .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228:hover , .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228:visited , .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228:active { border:0!important; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228:active , .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228:hover { mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2a f4ab228 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Sir Gawain And The Green Knight EssayOn the other hand, Krauthammers exposition portrays human clones with noheads. Human homesteads that will be there on the off chance that something turns out badly withthe unique. These half people would be extraordinary, they would bekept alive, similar to an organ hold if the first loses a hand, thenthe clone gives that individual a hand. What sort of considerations are those? Isit conceivable that researchers have gone to a point would they say they were need tocreate Monsters? This would truly be an infringement to human nobility. Aharm to the cloned individual that probably won't have a mind tothin k, however he sure will have similar arms, legs, hands, and so on as theoriginal. He probably won't have a similar face as the first, however he willhave a heart and I am certain that he might not want to live headless. Ifcloning will be like this, than it ought to be completly restricted. The two expositions are convincing, yet there is a distinction inboth. The models given by the creators have an enormous move in thepersuasive part, Krauthammer has models that may be more persuasivethan Macklins. The two of them clarify the two essences of cloning and under which conditiond itmight be created. Macklin gives us a clarification attempting to convincethe open of allowing human cloning to occur. She alsodescribes cloning as a human ranch, yet for the most part what sheexplains is that cloning can be taken as something ordinary, as an in-vitro treatment, for instance. Numerous individuals don't generally know whathuman cloning truly is and misjudge its significance. Macklin gives ashort clarification, yet as each test, it must have somedificulties. Krauthammers exposition is absolutely against cloning. He is very persuasiveand gives models that will change the perspective of numerous peopleand turn them against cloning. He gives exapmles, that are almostimposibble to accept. Headless individuals, headless mice, keeping humanclones alive as an organ ranch, and so forth. Every one of these models are a reality andanyone who is full grown enough and has thinking will be against thecreation of headless people. This expositions have a similar theme, yet are extraordinary. Despite the fact that bothtalk about human cloning, the papers are unique. As should have been obvious, in Macklins paper, the cloned people are consideredpersons. Krauthammers exposition for the most part examines human clones as humanfarms. Macklin discusses cloning being prohibited, however she doesn't statewho restricted it. Krauthammer clarifies this as saying that Dolly madepresident Clinton make a comission and transitory restricted humanclonning. Eventhough there is a brief boycott, this could some time or another beaccepted. Krauthammer figures, this ought to be restricted until the end of time. There are various conclusions about cloning and furthermore a lotof mixed up contemplations about this issue. Numerous articles have been writtenand examined. Numerous inquiries are to be replied and more examination is tobe done. This kind of articles can clear a few questions individuals have, yet arenot enough to state I am in favor or I am against. It is anissue that will be a debate for al long time. It may be correct tocreate a human clone as an individual, yet it is extremely off-base to utilize a humanclone as a human homestead. Everybody has the option to carry on with a typical life. Ifthis right will be damaged than, no cloned people ought to be made. As Macklin says: A world undependable adversary cloned people would be a worldnot ok for all of us. BibliographyMacklin, Ruth Human Cloning? Dont Just Say No Perspectives onContemporary Issues. Pages 507-508Krauthammer, Charles Of Headless MiceAnd Men Perspectives onContemporary Issues. Pages 509-511Wachbroit, Robert Human Cloning Isnt as Sacry as it Sounds Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com

Nuclear plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Atomic arrangement - Essay Example Rather, the United States was extraordinarily keen on keeping up a degree of authority during the period being referred to. Despite the fact that the Cold War has in this way finished and the division among East and West as halfway mended, the United States is as yet shaky regarding its general projection of power all through the world and the topic of whether we can keep on being a worldwide authority in a uni-polar framework. As a component of this, it is the comprehension of this specific investigator that it is occupant upon the United States to sign the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty as an element of not just protecting the tranquility of guaranteeing that more annihilation to the worldwide condition isn't influenced. At last, the craving not to sign the bargain depends on the understanding that the United States can retain this activity as potential influence inside the substance of a global emergency. What is implied by this is during the time wherein incredible forces may be in struggle, the United States might just pick this specific timeframe to test a specific new and wrecking atomic weapons. This would almost certainly be done as a methods for imparting a sign and not really concerning looking to comprehend the logical properties behind the material science which permits the weapon to work. Another justification for why the United States should sign the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty has to do with the way that physical way of atomic weapons are not, at this point required in a period in which supercomputers can give exceptionally remarkable and viable projections for the mended and megaton power they atomic weapon can convey. Though a juvenile country that has as of late created ato mic weapons may wish not to sign the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the United States should; because of the way that each country on earth is completely discerning of the United States

Blog Archive University of Chicago (Booth) Essay Analysis, 20102011

Blog Archive University of Chicago (Booth) Essay Analysis, 2010â€"2011 1. The admissions committee is interested in learning more about you on both a personal and professional level.     Please answer the following (maximum of 300 words for each section): a. Why are you pursuing a full-time MBA at this point in your life? b. Define your short- and long-term career goals post MBA. c.  What is it about Chicago Booth that is going to help you reach your goals? Because Personal Statements are similar from one application to the next, we have produced the mbaMission Personal Statement Guide, which helps applicants write this style of essay for any school. We offer this guide to candidates free of charge, via our online store. Please feel free to download your copy today. For a thorough exploration of Chicago Booth’s academic program/merits, defining characteristics, crucial statistics, social life, academic environment and more, please check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guide to the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. 2.  Chicago Booth is a place that challenges its students to stretch and take risks that they might not take elsewhere. Tell us about a time when you took a risk and what you learned from that experience (maximum of 750 words). The first sentence of this essay question is what is known as a “red herring.” Chicago Booth does not actually need to be part of your response. In fact, we would go so far as to advise against tying the school into your essay. Instead, focus on the second half of the question and use your essay to discuss a time when you took a risk and explain what you subsequently learned. For those of you who are conservative and risk averse, do not worry if you have not yet taken a significant entrepreneurial/financial risk. Instead, you might have taken a risk in choosing one career track over another or in championing a project that stretched your team skills or managerial capabilities. Maybe you stepped out of your traditional role or deviated from your usual leadership style by initiating a new project via your community endeavors. The story of an entrepreneurial undertaking is of course fair game, but few applicants will have such a story. So, do not feel disadvantaged or discouraged if the risk you have taken will not send chills down the spine of your admissions reader. The admissions committee really just wants to know that you have pushed yourself in some way. You might want to start your essay by placing the reader in the middle of the situation that arose as a result of the risk you took, or you could begin earlier in the action, first showing how the situation evolved and then explaining how you decided to pursue one of two (or more) competing paths. Regardless of how you approach your essay, take care not to focus only on detailing the risk itself but be sure to clearly explain how you weighed your options, what factors played into your decision and what you learned in the end, whether you ultimately succeeded or failed. Your ability to reflect and discuss takeaways from the experience will be crucial. 3.  At Chicago Booth, we teach you HOW to think rather than what to think. With this in mind, we have provided you with “blank pages” in our application. Knowing that there is not a right or even a preferred answer allows you to demonstrate to the committee your ability to navigate ambiguity and provide information that you believe will support your candidacy for Chicago Booth. Most business schools offer very little flexibility in their essay questions, and as a result, you may feel constrainedâ€"what if you have a great story but it does not fit any of the questions asked? For this essay, Chicago Booth does away with the question altogether and gives you a blank slate. This free rein may seem daunting, but it actually presents you with a phenomenal opportunity to give the admissions committee a more complete and compelling picture of yourself. Before you even consider your approach to this blank space, however, take a step back, brainstorm thoroughly and create a kind of “life inventory.” By cataloguing your most profound experiences, accomplishments and relationships, you will ideally find yourself with a rich trove of personal stories from which to draw as you start to write. Although this essay need not be a catchallâ€"in fact, you can focus quite narrowly on a single experience, if appropriateâ€"most candidates will benefit from presenting a broad image of themselves, revealing a varied and unique set of experiences and accomplishments. Once you have determined which information you want to include in this essay, you can then focus on how you want to present it. As the Chicago Booth admissions committee notes, though, this is not an exercise in graphic design, so you should not fret or hire someone to work on your presentation if you do not have design skills. You can show creativity and thought, even with a basic approach! As you contemplate your structure, keep an open mind. Look around your room or office and see what jumps out at you. That travel guide to Turkey on your shelf might inspire you to create a few pages of a travel guide to your apartment (which is in itself an inventory of your life) or to a faux country based on you. Your banged-up briefcase may inspire you to tell the story of how, where and why each scratch occurred. (Note: Do not use either of these specific ideas! You will need to find something original and personal to you.) Your approach need not be “off the wall”; it just needs to be an expression of you. Your only limitations are your imagination and your ability to execute. Share ThisTweet 2010-2011 MBA Essay Analysis University of Chicago (Booth)

Popular Cliches Explained for ESL Students

A cliche is a common phrase that has been overused. In general, cliches are to be avoided. In reality, they are not avoided - thats why they are cliches! Understanding popular cliches is especially important for English learners because they provide a deeper understanding of set phrases - or chunks of language. You might hear movie stars or politicians using cliches. Theyre phrases everybody understands.   10 Popular Cliches The writing on the wall   Something that is about to happen, something that is obviousCant you see the writing on the wall! You need to get out of that business.To pull an all-nighter   To study or work all nightWe had to pull an all-nighter to get the work finished on time.Pearls of wisdom   Wise words or adviceIm not really interested in his pearls of wisdom. He lived in a different period.Too much of a good thing   Generally used when saying thats impossible to be too happy, or luckyEnjoy it! You cant have too much of a good thing.Fit as a fiddle   To be ready and ableIm fit as a fiddle. Lets do this thing!Curiosity killed the cat   Dont be too inquisitive, it can be dangerous!Remember curiosity killed the cat. You should just forget about it.Dont do as I do, do as I say.   Used when someone points out that you are being hypocritical (doing one thing while insisting that others do that thing differently)Stop talking back! Dont do as I do, do as I say!Let sleeping dog s lie   Dont look into (investigate) something that was troublesome in the past, but in which people are not currently interestedId let sleeping dogs lie and not re-open the investigation into the crime.A cat has nine lives   Someone might be having problems now, but there are many chances to do well or succeedHis career reminds that a cat has nine lives!Moment of truth   The moment in which something important will be shown or decidedIts the moment of truth. Either well get the contract or we wont. Where Can I Find Cliches? These chunks of language known as cliches are found everywhere: in letters, in films, in articles, in conversation. However, cliches are most often used in conversation.   Should I Use Cliches? A good rule of thumb for English learners is to understand a variety of popular cliches, but not necessarily use them actively. Many times the use of a cliche signals fluency, but often cliches are considered inappropriate or unoriginal. On the other hand, if a native speaker  uses a cliche you will understand!  Ã‚   The Difference Between an Idiom and a Cliche An idiom is a phrase that means something else than the literal words. Idioms always have figurative, not literal meanings. Literal Meaning exactly what the words sayFigurative Having a different meaning than what the words say Two Idioms To get under someones skin To bother someoneShes getting under my skin these days!No spring chicken Not youngToms no spring chicken. Hes almost 70! Two Cliches A cliche is a phase which is considered overused (used too often) which can be literal or figurative in meaning. Here are some examples: The good old days / literal In the past when things were betterI remember my years at college. Yes, those were the good old days.Tip of the iceberg / figurative Only the beginning, or just a small percentageThe problems we are seeing are just the tip of the iceberg.

E-marketplace, E-mall, E-tailing Essay - 1125 Words

Introduction: There are various electronic commerce activities and mechanisms. E-Commerce Activities and Mechanisms include the following but not limited to: E-Market Place: It is an online market usually B2B where buyers and sellers exchange goods or services. EC transactions take place in the electronic equivalent of a mall called the electronic marketplace (e-marketplace). Electronic marketplaces utilize different tools (electronic shopping cart, e-catalog, fulfillment technologies, and checkout and payment mechanisms) to provide the equivalent brick and mortar shopping tools. Types of Electronic Market Places: 1. Electronic Storefronts: A single companys website where products and services are sold. Example: Walmart†¦show more content†¦A currency converter is particularly useful, whether you have it as part of your script, or as an additional tool. Planet Management, a payment processor who offers international payments, reports that ecommerce stores who use their service to offer multiple currencies increase international sales by up to 25 percent. Techniques: According to Miller (2000), Business approaches and broad range of technology tools that are used to support collaborative product definition management (cPDm) initiatives are having a tremendous impact on the ways companies operate. A major change in enterprise computing is underway as companies apply best-practice processes in combination with a wide range of technologies including product data management, collaboration, visualization, collaborative product commerce, enterprise applications integration, component supplier management, and others. The pace of improvements in cPDm-related technologies continues to accelerate, and companies use these tools to implement process change faster than ever. Whereas not long ago, companies were talking about three- and five-year plans for implementing data management systems; they now are asking what results to expect in six months or less. This represents a significant step forward in industry and a strong emerging movement that is becoming an essential element for companies to successfully compete in the 21st century (Miller,Show MoreRelatedMy Semester Of Learning For Msmit Degree At Sul Livan University1051 Words   |  5 Pages‘Kaagaz’. I would like to share one example here. I own a corporate gifting company by name ‘Kaagaz’ which is a startup, located in Bangalore city of India. It is a very small company which was known only to few locals 3 months back. As I started learning E-commerce course, I understood how important a website is for marketing a company. It is stated that the two main objectives of online marketing are brand development and direct response (D. K. Gangeshwer, 2013). So, I hired few people to create a websiteRead MoreAn Analysis of Chinaa E-Commerce Industry1488 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of China’s E-Commerce Industry Introduction A little more than 10 years ago, China’s path to e-commerce leadership would have been difficult to foresee, even as the tech boom in the US and other markets saw the development of e-commerce as an important B2C and C2C channel. In 2000, China had yet to develop any e-commerce applications, and had only 2.1 million total internet users. Payment systems and physical delivery mechanisms to facilitate the development of e-commerce transactionsRead MoreRetailing in Electronic Commerce: Products and Services6206 Words   |  25 Pageselectronic retailing (e-tailing) and its characteristics. 2. Define and describe the primary e-tailing business models. 3. Describe how online travel and tourism services operate and their impact on the industry. 4. 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Relationship Between Science And Religion - 950 Words

Within philosophy, there has long been a question about the relationship between science and religion. These two systems of human experience have undoubtedly had a lot of influence in the course of mankind’s development. The philosopher Ian Barbour created a taxonomy regarding science and religion that has become widely influential. His taxonomy postulates that there are four ways in which science and religion are thought to interact. The four categories are: conflict, independence, dialogue, and integration. By using articles from a select few philosophers, theologians, and scientists, it is clear to see the ways in which these two systems of human experience are categorized in the four categories presented by Ian barbour. However, it will be apparent that the category of conflict may be seen as the most dominant in regard to the interaction between science and religion. The first category that will be explained is conflict. This is optimally categorized with the statement that, â€Å"Science and religion investigate common questions, but their theories contradict one another and so compete with one another for our acceptance.† (Pojman 562). With the view of conflict, it is believed that science and religion overlap in regard to the quest for truth, but their methods and findings are contradictory. This theory is most commonly held by religious fundamentalists, those that believe in strictly literal translation of scripture; and the more recent movement of new atheism that isShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Science And Religion Essay2131 Words   |  9 PagesThe relationship between science and religion as Western categories of thought has long been fraught with tension; academics suggest that the conflict between religion and science arose in the 17th century, as a result of the Galileo Affair, and continued into the 18th century Age of Enlightenment. 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In this paper, I intend to show how Wilson understands this relationship and science as well as how. as well as show John Stuart Mill would agree or disagree with Wilson. Science â€Å"aims to save the spirit, not by surrender but by theRead MoreRelationship Between Science And Religion1159 Words   |  5 PagesThe relationship between the philosophies of science and religion has long been a contentious topic in both popular and scholastic discourse. While some individuals engaging in this debate suggest that the relationship between the two disciplines is one of direct opposition, others propose that the two disciplines are in fact compatible or too dissimilar to be in conflict. While this debate raged, certain academics attempted to find a way to solve the apparent conflict between science and religionRead MoreThe Relationship between Science and Religion814 Words   |  3 PagesWhen one thinks of religion, Christianity may come to mind. And when one talks about science, Galileo’s name will most likely be mentioned. The relationship between science and religion has had a long complex history. Both strived to answer and explain the way the world and the universe came to exist and why it functions the way it does. However, one subject relies on the supernatural world while the other on the physical world. Christianity, Judaism and other Western religions played a major roleRead MoreRelationship Between Science And Religion3252 Words   |  14 Pageshe relationship between science and religion is a very interesting and complex one, and has changed quite a lot over the course of human history. In order to competently understand this relationship, it is necessary to have a rudimentary knowledge of the fundamental methods and aims of each discipline. Though the relationship between science and religion has changed a lot over time, what has not changed is the fact that the two disciplines are diametrically opposed to each other in many ways, havingRead MoreRelationship Between Science And Religion1481 Words   |  6 Pagesmethod of inductive logic. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) allowed science and theology to each have the ir own sovereign realm. Conflicting ideas between science and religion began to develop during the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century people began to believe that all human knowledge was scientific knowledge. Research either proved or disproved theories of the earth’s origin. People began to question the supremacy of science on the basis of the very premises that brought it to power,

Analysis of the Rule of Law and Democracy

Question: Discuss about theAnalysis of the Rule of Law and Democracy. Answer: Element 1: Plan The Rubric Marking criteria for this essay required us to thoroughly research and understand the statement given with respect to the legal system of Australia. In the short essay, I have tried to explain the quotation of Allan Amanyire. Through that quotation I have tried to explain the relationship between the democracy and the rule of law. I have also touched aspects where both these lack and have tried to state the reason behind this. I have also highlighted the relation of democracy and rule of lack with the Australian legal system. To understand the application of fundamental principles of law especially from a business perspective, I have provided how various laws relate to those principles. Though I did face some challenges while searching for the fundamental principles of law from business perspective. In order to complete this essay, I assigned some time each day and researched so as to excel at this assignment. Element 2: Essay In the following pages, a discussion has been made regarding the relationship between democracy and law. Democracy and law go hand in hand and one cannot survive without the other. This very essence is covered in this document. An understanding has also been reached in the analysis of democracy and rule of law with relation to the Australian Legal System. Lastly, a study on the fundamental principles of law from the perspective of business has been done. The general assembly of UN (UN Chronicle, 2012) and the Security Council have emphasized that the rule of law and democracy are interlinked and they both are mutually reinforcing. Rules of law, at the very root are formed by the people. Democracy can literally be defined as a system of government where the officials are elected by the people eligible to vote. In other words it is the representation of the people. Both rule of law and democracy are formed by the individuals elected or selected for the respective purpose (Cambridge University Press, 2003). The effects of lack of democracy means that the elected governments have somewhere failed to fulfill the basic needs of the voters. The basic principles of democracy are breached and that causes the lack of effective democracy. These principles include equality; accountability; transparency; control over abuse of power; free and clear elections; political tolerance; and economic freedom among the others. The lack of rule of law contains the situation where the people on whom the law is applicable, fail to follow it (Rule of Law Institute of Australia, 2012). There is a sort of casual attitude towards the failure to follow the law. Moreover, there are situations where people take advantage of the loopholes in law. The law when taken as a mechanism for government and the government is at times deemed above the law. The rule of law (World Justice Project, 2016) actually means that everyone is bound by the same law and this includes the government. When the first case occurs in any society that is when the lack in rule of law begins. As both law and democracy go together (Habermas, 1995), when there is a lack of democracy and the rule of law, it affects everyone equally. It does not differentiate between a rich person and a poor person, it hurts everyone equally. Even in cases of big corporation or new start ups; or educated person or an illiterate person; and even an employed one or unemployed one, the ill effects hits everyone in the same way. Everyone has to bear the burn of such shortfalls in democracy and law. Allan Amanyire has right said those lines. The Australian legal system is broadly divided into statue laws, federal laws and the common laws. The British colonies have hugely impacted at the present day legal system in Australia (Charrett and Bell, 2011). They gave Australia the very basis of federation (Museum of Australian Democracy, 2016) system, which means that there is a segmentation of power between the state/ territorial governments and the federal government. Each state in Australia has its own set of laws and these are known as statue laws. Some powers are given only to the federal government which includes defense, taxation, external affairs, marriage and divorce, etc. Federal law is also known as the Constitutional law as these are the laws made by the Commonwealth. The powers which are not covered under the federal government but is within the territory of state/territory government, forms a part of the statute laws of that state. When there is ambiguity between these two, the common laws are applied (State Libra ry New South Wales, 2011). The Australian legal system is built on principles of democracy and the preservation of fundamental values and the beliefs of the community. The Australian legal system has been formed keeping in mind the rules, customs, religious beliefs, common laws, customary laws, codes and the laws (SACE, 2005) received from British. Australia is a Constitutional Monarchy where the Queen of England is the Head of State (Australian Government, 2016) and represented in the country by a Governor-General. Australia can become a republic nation but the people keep voting against this option. A republic referendum was held on November 6, 1999 in Australia asking its people if the country should become republic. Nearly 54.87% people voted against this referendum in the turnout of 95.1% voters (Australian Electoral Commission, 2011). Currently, Australia works as a parliamentary democracy where the people elect the representatives from amongst themselves and these representatives make the laws on behalf of those voters. Hence, it can be said that people decide who will be the lawmakers in the nation. Australian legal system also plays a crucial role in the very structure and framework of business. A study of various laws regarding any business gives the clarity between the right and wrongs of a business. The area of business law in the Australian legal system is huge as one need to get aware about different laws which can range from taxation to torts or from consumer protection to international trade. In order to avoid any legal hassle or to just lower the chances of a legal dispute, these laws have to be considered in a business. The most important law from the business perspective in any nation is the contract law. In order to conduct any business, a contract has to be formed. A contract is a promise (s) between two or more parties to do something in exchange of a consideration. It is a legally binding agreement for the parties involved. A contract has some major points, viz., agreement (an offer has to be given and acceptance has to be received); consideration (an economic value has to be paid which is to be decided between the parties); capacity (the persons entering the contract have to be of clear mental capacity and of legal age); and intention (the pares to the contract must have the intent to enter into the agreement). Relief is provided in cases where a breach of contract is made (The Association of Business Executives, 2016). Private obligations have two main branches, the contract law and the law of tort. When a civil wrong is done but there is no breach of contract, tort law is applied. Examples where tort law is applicable are negligence, personal injury, trespassing, and defamation (Trindade, Cane and Lunney, 2007). Torts are not a crime; they are more of civil wrongdoings. And hence, one can seek a civil claim in the nature of a compensation or injunction. The tort law of Australia has its roots in the common laws of United Kingdom. Tort law is brought forward in order to correct the wrong done to a private individual. A law should be a clear set of rules made to regulate the human conduct. Any ambiguity can lead to loopholes and such advantages in turn lead to misuse of law. It has to be stable and uniform for all and should be backed by coercive lawmakers. Any violation should lead to some sort of punishment. Business laws of Australia cover these fundamental principles of law. In order to better understand the importance of fundamental principles of law in a business (Kelly and Holmes, 1997), some examples have been discussed. In order to start any business, certain permissions are to be acquired which are uniform for all. In case a dispute in a contract, the parties have right to take legal recourse. Transparent laws and procedures for the same have been laid down. If a consumer is deceived or feels cheated, various consumer forums for seeking relief are available for them. Hence, business laws also follow the basic rule of law which is, for the people and by the people. To conclude what has been discussed till now, we need to rely on the very statement which started this discussion. The democracy and laws lack in places and these affect all the parties equally. A loophole in Competition and Consumer Act 2010 will effects each of the person who falls in the ambit of this act. The very makers and elected representatives are responsible for such loopholes. Democracy and rule of law are very similar and at the same time very different in nature. Whilst the both are made by the people but sometimes one can dominate the other and thereby result in the non attainment of very basis for which they are known. Some light was also thrown at the principles of law and how they give birth to different laws specifically made for the purpose of safeguarding the fundamentals. References Australian Electoral Commission (2011) Key Results. Available from: https://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/referendums/1999_Referendum_Reports_Statistics/Key_Results.htm [Accessed 18/08/12]. Australian Government (2016) How Government Works. Available from: https://www.australia.gov.au/about-government/how-government-works [Accessed 18/08/12]. Cambridge University Press (2003) Democracy and the Rule of Law [Online] Cambridge University Press. Available from: https://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam034/2002035189.pdf [Accessed 18/08/12]. Charrett, D. And Bell, M. (2011). Statutory Intervention into the Common Construction Law of Australia - Progress or Regress?. Australian Construction Law Newsletter, 137(March/April) Habermas, J. (1995) On the Internal Relation between the Rule of Law and Democracy. European Journal of Philosophy, 3 (1), pp 12-20. Kelly, D. and Holmes, A. (1997) Principles of Business Law, 2nd ed. London: Cavendish Publishing Ltd. Museum of Australian Democracy (2016) Australian democracy: an overview. Available from: https://moadoph.gov.au/democracy/australian-democracy/ [Accessed 18/08/12]. Rule of Law Institute of Australia (2012) The Rule of Law: its State of Health in Australia [Online] Rule of Law Institute of Australia. Available from: https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Lindgren-Rule-of-Law-Its-State-of-Health-in-Australia-20121.pdf [Accessed 18/08/12]. SACE (2005) The Australian Legal System. Available from: https://essentialseducation.com.au/wp-content/uploads/SACE2_Legal_Studies_Workbook_Sample_Pages.pdf [Accessed 18/08/12]. State Library New South Wales (2011). Information about the law in NSW. (Online) State Library New South Wales. Available from: https://www.legalanswers.sl.nsw.gov.au/guides/hot_topics/australian_legal_system/overview.html[Accessed 18/08/2016] The Association of Business Executives (2016) Principles of Business Law. Available from: https://www.dphu.org/uploads/attachements/books/books_3496_0.pdf [Accessed 18/08/12]. Trindade, F., Cane, P. and Lunney, M. (2007).The law of torts in Australia, 4th ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. UN Chronicle (2012) Rule of Law and Democracy: Addressing the Gap Between Policies and Practices [Online] United Nations. Available from: https://www.idea.int/un/upload/Concept-Note-IDEA-IDLO-Italy-rev-5-0-Final.pdf [Accessed 18/08/12]. World Justice Project (2016) What is the Rule of Law? [Online] World Justice Project. Available from: https://worldjusticeproject.org/what-rule-law [Accessed 18/08/12].

Protestant Reformation Essays - Anglican Saints, Anti-Catholicism

Protestant Reformation Religion is a predominant force in our world today. It also had a strong impact on the lives of those alive during the Protestant Reformation. Many changes were brought along by this historical chain of events. Recently, many incidents have occurred to change the way people view religion. Examples include the Holocaust and, more recently, the Branch-Davidians in Waco, Texas. Even a more spectacular event in history occurred when a group of people decided that just because everyone around them had said it was so, that did not mean that they should blindly follow this idea. The Reformation was led in three different countries by three different men who varied in the reasons for their country's need for reformation. ?The Reformation was an attempt to recover a lost golden age of primitive purity as set forth in the Bible. This search for the primitive purity led to some very impure acts by some on the quest to regain this cleanliness? (Gonzalez 31). The origin of the word "Protestant" roots back to an event that took place nearly a half-millennium ago in April of 1529. At an assembly of political and religious leaders, a protest was read against the accustomed traditions of Roman Catholicism. The protesters, who consisted of fourteen free German cities and six Lutheran princes, read their complaint to those in attendance at the assembly known as the Diet of Speyer. The assembly itself contained Roman Catholic princes of Germany and the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. ?The challengers of the previously untouchable Catholic dogmas stated that if they were forced to choose between obedience to God and obedience to Caesar, they would unanimously choose in favor of God? (Gottfried 4). The Diet was not delighted to hear such slander against everything their country stood for. ?This milestone of rebellion in religion furnished the name, Protestants, to those gathered there to protest? (Gottfried 4). ?Although the protesters did not immediately welcome this new label placed upon them, their enemies did? (Gottfried 4). The protesters main foe became the Roman Catholic Church, which in turn declared all those who claimed to be Christian, but opposed Catholicism, as Protestants. This declaration included the protesters, Baptists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, and other denominations. ?Commencement of the Reformation was spearheaded by a German monk, Martin Luther? (Rosten 9). Born in 1483 in Eisleben, Martin Luther began his schooling in Magdeburg. ?Although he led a very strict childhood, his parents used this rigid boarding only as positive re-enforcement? (Backman 19). ?Martin Luther was brought up to believe in superstition mixed with Christianity, which led to his more liberal interpretation of the Bible? (Backman 19). After his initial schooling, he went on to study in many different universities across Germany. During one of his daily travels, Martin was thrown to the ground when a bolt of lightning struck near him. He interpreted this as a sign from God. At that instance, he declared that he would give up his schooling and become a monk. ?As a monk, Martin Luther led a very expected solitary life? (Backman 22). He devoted himself to endless hours of contemplation of religion and the fundamental workings of all aspects of Catholicism. Nevertheless, the hours of constant meditation and study of the Bible led him to find flaws in the papal doctrine of that day. ?A loyal member of the Catholic Church, he was later to shatter the structure of the medieval Catholicism. A devoted servant of the Pope, he later related the popes with the Antichrist? (Gottfried 10). Many of Martin Luther's followers proclaimed him to be a prophet of the new era. ?Some went as far as to compare him to Moses because he reformed the culture of the religious world just as Moses led the children of Israel out of Egypt? (Backman 20). ?After Martin Luther, there came a man from France who would take the Reformation to the next plateau? (Green 49). Born in 1509 in Picardy, France, John Calvin was the fourth son of the secretary to the chapter of the Noyon Cathedral. ?Calvin was given many excellent schooling opportunities because he was friends with a family that was relatives of the bishop of Noyon? (Green 52). Later, Calvin attended college in Noyon. His

Compare 3 Ancient Greek Statues essays

Compare 3 Ancient Greek Statues essays The ancient Greek culture is known for its advances in math, art, and architecture. In Greek times there where many statues of humans mostly of men who where worshiped as Gods or Kings and sometimes both. The statues where often depicted nude so that the world could see their perfect bodies. Three statues that display various periods and ideals in Greek culture are the Kouros statue (600 B.C), the Spear Bearer (450-440 B.C.) also known as Doryphoros and was crafted by Polykleitos, and Dying Gaul by Peramon (230-220 B.C). Although at first glace these statues may appear qualitatively the same, each statue was carefully crafted to serve a purpose during the period of time in which it was made. The Egyptian style Greek Kouros was the earliest of the three sculptures. It was carved in 600 B.C. The Greek statues Spear Bearer (Doryphoros) and Dying Gaul where carved somewhere around 450-440 B.C. and 230-220 B.C. respectively. Each sculpture was carved from white marble and is a life size representation. Both the Spear Bearer and Dying Gaul statues are actually copies of the original statues. Both statues where originally made of bronze and not marble. Many of the Greek statues from this time period where made of bronze, but bronze was expensive and thats why many of them where carved from marble. Although we do not know who created the copies, the original Spear Bearer was made by a man by the name of Polykleitos. The original bronze Dying Gaul is a copy after a statue by Peramon. The original artist of the Kouros statue is unknown, but many similar statues where made in this style during early Greek times and served funerary purposes. Although each statue is a life size portrait of a nude male of white marble, they are very different in style and technique. The first statue is of a Greek Kouroi and is a much more simplistic that the later statues. Even though the man depicted is life size, it does ...

Weight in America Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Weight in America Research Paper - Essay Example healthy individual, regardless of whether it is a man, woman or child and even regardless of age, is on the rise ("Americans Slightly Taller, Much Heavier Than Four Decades Ago"). Body Mass Index, which is a ratio of weight versus height, has alarmingly increased as well. Adults, on average, were found heavier by 25 pounds in the year 2002 compared to averages in 1960. In contrast, the average height had only increased by one inch. Alarmingly, the ratio is higher among younger women and children giving a scary view to the future. It has been established by the medical and research community that obesity is a precursor of many diseases. Hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, bone related issues can all be traced back to being over-weight which is now clearly considered a major risk. It is important to examine at this point the factors which have led to this situation. There are several dynamics at play including market economics, social behavior and biological reasons that contribute to widespread obesity. Prosperity has brought with it the conveniences of life that promote a sedentary lifestyle. Television, computers, in house computer games, easy means of transport and other such conveniences have drastically reduced the activity that the previous generations were used to (Nestle 781). More calories consumed than needed for physical activity result in weight gain. Physical exercise has become a separately defined entity that has to be forcibly included in one’s schedule in order to stay fit rather than a part of everyday lifestyle. Socially speaking, a faster moving life and a competitive environment in an increasingly capitalist world has, by default, forced people to shift their focus work harder at improving one’s financial well being rather than physical well being. Larger portions of food have also contributed to this situation. It is argued by some that eating less is an option. It is indeed an option; however it has also been proven by studies that

Analytical Argument Ford Mustang Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analytical Argument Ford Mustang - Assignment Example The bold and loud design was an acknowledgment of the rebel hippy culture that was in vogue(Kleihauer). The colors of the cars are to this day a reflection of the strong American pop culture. The automakers found a creative way to incorporate the youthful 60’s counterculture into the rumbling machismo of the Mustang. These underlying currents are vividly visible in the verbal and visual texts regarding Ford Mustang over the years. There haven’t been many drastic changes in the car's design, accept a few, over the past 48 years reflecting a consistency of belief of the American culture in qualities such as Strength and Speed. The Ford Mustang came out amongst a publicity blitz with the print and the TV media ablaze with its advertisements. On Memorial Day, in the same year, a white Mustang with blue dorsal racing stripes leads the field(Mustang). It was a strong visual text for the millions of people who saw the picture of the muscle car painted out in national colors which reflected the fascination of the Americans with strength. In the first verbal example, the Mustang is referred to as the stuff dreams are made of. This was the first official commercial of the car, but the point to ponder here is how this verbal text molds the mind of an average man into believing that a sports car is what defines his dreams. The American perception of luxury was defined by the unprecedented success of the Mustang in its initial years. It did not hold any economic significance as it was not fuel consumption friendly nor of much domestic use. But marketers carefully targeted the youth through their verbal text b propagating the idea of independence to live the dream life of adventure and freedom. Â  

Sociology families and households

Sociology families and households Functionalism is a structuralist theory. This means it sees the individual as less important as the social structure of society. It is a top down theory. The family can be defined as an intimate domestic group composed of people related to each other by blood, sexual relations and legal ties. When assessing how useful functionalism is when looking at the family, other views/perspectives need to be taken into account before making an overall conclusion. Views from Talcott Parsons, George Murdock, Ann Oakley, Edmund Leach, R.D Laing, David Cooper and Friedrich Engels will be taken into account as well as perspectives from Marxism, feminism, family diversity and radical psychiatrists. This will help draw the final conclusion. Functionalist sociologists suggest that the nuclear family is the norm in modern day industrial societies. George Peter Murdock (1949) supports the idea of functionalism. After analysing 250 societies, Murdock argues that the family performs four basic functions; sexual, reproductive, economic and educational. These are the essentials for social life, since without sexual and reproductive functions there would be no members of society, without economic functions life would cease, and without education there would be no culture. Human society without culture could not function. Clearly, the family cannot perform these functions exclusively. However, it makes important contributions to them all and no other institution has yet been devised to match its efficiency in this respect. A weakness of Murdocks view is that some sociologists may find his description of the family almost too good to be true. Some of his views on harmony and integration are not shared be other researchers. He also does not examine alternatives to the family, not considering whether its functions could be carried out b y other social institutions. Murdock is criticised for being Euro-centric, as he is only concerned about the Western families. However, he is supported by anthropologists; Morris (1968) said the family was a result of biology and culture over generations (socio-biology). This could be a strength as it shows some researchers have the same view. Talcott Parsons bases his ideas on the family in modern American society. However, despite this his ideas have more general application since he claims the American family has two basic and irreducible functions which are common to the family in all societies, unlike Murdock who argued there were four. These were, the primary socialization of children, where culture is learned and accepted by children so they know the norms and values that allow society to exist. Secondly the stabilization of adult personalities, which is where a marriage relationship and emotional security a couple provide for each other keeps a personality stable, and acts as a counterweight to everyday stresses and strains that can make a personality unstable. This process is otherwise known as the warm bath theory, where the family provide a relaxing environment for the male worker to immerse himself in after a hard day at work. A criticism of Parsons view would be that he idealises the family, much like Murdock, with his view of well adjusted children and sympathetic spouses caring for each others every need, when in reality not all families are like this. Also Parsons fails to explore the differences between working/middle class families, as his ideas are generally based on the American middle class family. Parsons perspective supports that of functionalism, that the nuclear family is the norm in society. Ann Oakley has described the typical or conventional family. She says conventional families are nuclear families composed of legally married couples, voluntarily choosing the parenthood of one or more children. This shows support for functionalism. Leach (1967) has called this the cereal packet image of the family. This image of a happily married couple with two children is prominent in advertising and the family sized packets of cereal and other products are aimed at this group. The family is functional for both its members and society as a whole. Increasingly this picture of the family is coming under strong criticism. Some observers are suggesting that on balance, the family may well be dysfunctional both for society and its individual members. This criticism has mainly been directed at the family in Western industrial society. The Marxist view on the family opposes that of the functionalists. It is seen to challenge the idea that the family is universal or natural, but instead that it is human creation; a social invention that has served a specific economic purpose. The Marxist theory on the family emerged from the work of Friedrich Engels. It is argued by Marxists that the working-class extended family has been deliberately discouraged by the capitalist ruling class, because its emphasis on a mutual support system and collective action encourages its members to be aware of their social class position. It is believed that the nuclear family under capitalist law in an anti-social family. It labels all other forms of family life as inferior and abnormal. However, a weakness of the Marxist view is that there is a tendency to talk about the family in capitalist society without regard to possible variations in family life between social classes. Family diversity supports the fact that the conventional family no longer makes up the majority of households or families. For example, women no longer aspire exclusively to romantic love, marriage and children. There are now acceptable alternative life styles some people prefer, such as pre-marital sex, serial monogamy, cohabitation, single-sex relationships, childlessness etc. Mens roles too are no longer clear in a postmodern society, and the resulting crisis of masculinity has lead to man redefining both their sexuality and family commitments. Others disagree with this view. They argue that family diversity is exaggerated, and that the basic features of family life have remained largely unchanged for the majority of the population. Nuclear families are still very common but alternate types of family are steadily increasing. When looking at a critical view of the family, radical psychiatry mat be taken into account. Edmund Leach supported the idea in the family there is too much emotional pressure on each individual to live up to expectations. R.D Laing associated schizophrenia with the emotional pressure and anxiety of the nuclear family. David Cooper suggested the personality of the individual is controlled by the family, forcing them to conform to the rules of both the family, forcing them to conform to the rules of both the family and wider society. These three radical researchers all agree that the family is a dangerous place and mental illness could be the result of pressures laid down to the individual. From this angle it can be seen that the family has a negative, this view does not agree with the view of functionalism. Friedrich Engels acknowledges that the position of women within the family is an important aspect of what the Marxists see as its harmful effects. However, he emphasizes the relationship between family and capitalism, and is less concerned with its effects on women. Feminism has broken itself down into different perspectives, Marxist feminists, liberal feminists and radical feminists. Friedrich Engels speaks for the Marxist feminist view. Liberal feminists believe that both sexes contribute to domestic chores in an atmosphere of mutual support and hegemony, and there is an equal division of labour. Radical feminist beliefs are that the nuclear family is based upon male power and serves to support that. Male power is often expressed in the home as domestic violence. It is seen that patriarchy is transhistorical; it is ever present in all societies and cultures. A weakness is that feminists often do not take into account the possible differences in family life, for example, social clas ses, ethnic groups, heterosexual and gay families etc. They just seem to assume every family is a nuclear family, so may exaggerate the effect of families to women. They therefore ignore the possibility of women fighting back against exploitation and do not see the positive side to the family. Now that perspectives and ideas criticising and supporting functionalism have been illustrated. A conclusion can be made. If looking at Murdock and Parsons it can be seen that they both tend to only take into account Western societies, and tend to generalise. Apart from that they both have strong, similar ideas on what the family is. Oakley and Leach support their ideas on the nuclear family being the majority of society. However, although the argument supporting functionalism is sound, other views need to be taken into perspective. For example Marxism, questioning the idea of a universal/natural family. Family diversity offering different options to how people choose to live, feminists saying the family exploits women and radical psychiatry claiming the family is a dangerous place and causes mental illness

Teaching in America Essay -- Education Educating Essays

Teaching in America ABSTRACT: The term "teaching" is usually used in the Academy without a clear sense of what is meant, resulting in imprecise and ineffective teaching. The standard lines-that teaching is a matter of applying approved methods, that teaching is mostly a matter of teaching skills-as-means to some career or whatever-are reflective of failure in the Academy, measured in its "defect rate" of around 30 percent. The definition of teaching I sketch-skills adopted from a theoretical foundation, in turn based on a critique-is well founded in the scholarly tradition. Such a definition is, however, challenging to an Academy at the end of an ancien rà ©gime. It has been apparent for a couple decades that something is wrong with the way we teach in this country. Most of the attention is focused on "the grades", but higher education is no longer exempt from criticism. The most alarming reports are quite consistent: Between 27 percent and 35 percent of students entering the college and university system do not complete the program they enter. (1) That so many students should be admitted, then lost along the way, is an unacceptable "defect rate". General Interest There is a vast literary corpus on the subject of what is wrong with the teaching system. It ranges from alarming reports in the popular press to practical and anecdotal accounts, to what passes for scholarly reportage of research backed by significant public and private grants. The popular press is, per def., popular; it favors the tangible ("readin', writin' 'n' 'rithmetic"). Scholarly reportage is contradictory, e. g.: One report, in a teachers'-union publication, tells us that two-year-college students entering upper-division study are more likel... ...er published a very insightful essay on the irrelevance of current economic theory and the economists who produce it. The picture is complex, but the gist of it is, modern school-economics is so caught up in fanciful application of ever-more-recondite skills, that all sense of the larger world supposedly being modeled is lost. It turns out that Keynes and his successors were the last of that ilk to have their feet firmly planted in reality - as well as being generally better applied-mathematicians. As I read this essay, it seemed to me much the same could be said for the exponents of quantitative political science, quantitative sociology and so on: These folks owned their fields in the 1970s and 1980s; today they are little heard from, and what they present as "science" - as, e. g., in The Bell Curve of a couple years back - is rightly laughed at as sheer silliness.

Music and Film: Jaws (1975)

An opaque dorsal fin slices through the water. Camera-point-of-view on a young man splashing in the distance. The fin submerges. The sound track cranks up a notch: Dum- Dum – Dum – Dum – Dum – Dum..! Bubbles, white foam, glimpses of something large and foreboding thrashing in the waves. The music increases in its intensity: Dum-Dum-Dum-Dum-Dum-Dum-Dum..!   A red mist of blood that fogs the water. The audience in the movie theatre screams hysterically. A severed limb floats lazily to the ocean floor below. The music trails off. Dun-Dun-Dun-Dun-Dun-Dun.There have only been a handful of movies produced which contain a soundtrack that is not only instantly recognizable, but where the music also plays such an integral part in the film itself. Jaws (1975) is such a film. The movie successfully tapped into several human fears of the unknown and translated these phobias into a highly entertaining film that doesn’t talk down to its audience, nor uses viole nce gratuitously to get its point across.Commented Director Steven Spielberg:â€Å"†¦I think one of the reasons I made â€Å"Jaws† was because I was afraid of the water before I read the Peter Benchley book, and therefore I was the perfect candidate to direct this picture, because I have a tremendous amount of anxiety about the sea. Not so much about swimming pools or small ponds, but certainly about the eternal sea.I have a lot of anxiety, and my main anxiety stems from not being able to see my feet when I’m treading water. And what’s down there with me, and who’s nibbling on my toes. And I know how to express my fear cinematically. I’ve always been good at that, and I thought when â€Å"Jaws† came along, well, I   already have a tremendous fear of the ocean, and certainly a fear of sharks, and so I went to [producers] Dick Zanuck and David Brown and volunteered myself to direct the adaptation from the Benchley book†¦Ã¢â‚¬    (Excerpts from Steven Spielberg Interview)Composer John Williams — while no stranger to sound tracks for television and film (he’d already won an Oscar as music producer in 1971 for Fiddler on the Roof) — was just beginning to hit his stride on a musical odyssey that would see his movie soundtracks crack the Billboard music charts and sells millions. Almost unheard of for instrumental compositions, let alone for movie soundtracks.Williams saw something unique in the Spielberg rough-cut. He viewed the film as more  of an adventure and less as a traditional horror film. Recalled Williams in a conversation  with film producer Laurent Bouzereau:  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦This is like a pirate movie! I think we need  pirate music for this, because there’s something primal about it — but it’s also fun and  entertaining†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Lindahl, pg1 )As the legend goes, Williams was previewing proposed music for the film on his piano, playing t he basic structure for Spielberg and Bousereau and hammering out the now famous bars of impending doom on his piano keys. Spielberg thought Williams was kidding. â€Å"dum, dum, dum-dum, dum-dum, dum-dum†   The rest as they say, is history:At first I began to laugh, and I thought, â€Å"John  has a great sense of humor!† But he was  Ã‚  serious — that was the theme for Jaws. So he  Ã‚  played it again and again, and suddenly it  seemed right. Sometimes the best ideas are  Ã‚  the most simple ones and John had found a  signature for the entire score†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  ( Lindahl, pg 1)Let it be said that the music in Jaws is effective because it’s not over used. By playing the Jaws theme only to foreshadow the presence of the shark, the music is much more effective. Several examples of this stand out. The music played in the scenes of families playing at the beach have an almost home town flavor to them. The music when the boats are setting out to capture the shark have a classical feel and one scene in particular – of a child playing in the water with a fake shark fin – has no music at all. Collectively, this contrast in musical styles plays to the audience’s advantage. They know in short order when they do hear the jaws theme that there’s no mistaking the fact that the shark is going to make an appearance.What is it about the movie Jaws and its music that sets it apart from so many other adventure and suspense films? Oddly enough, prior to the film’s premier there wasn’t a â€Å"genre’ for this type of film. Horror and suspense were considered â€Å"Category B or C†.In fact, after Jaws cracked 100 million dollars during its North American Box Office the genre of monster/animal/villain stalking its prey was firmly in place. Whose to say there’s not a little bit of Jaws in every film ranging from Rambo to Halloween? Certainly there are variations of John Willi ams film score in the above mentioned film and more.Stephen Spielberg has gone on record as saying that Jaws wouldn’t have been nearly as successful if it didn’t have the music it did. Plainly put, the music works. Would any other type of soundtrack so indelibly stamp an image on the subconscious of the  audience? Highly doubtful. The by-now famous â€Å"†¦dum, dum, dum-dum, dum-dum, dum-dum†¦Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"   creates an instant visual. But also serves as a metaphor for the shark’s excitement when it approaches its prey or when it approaches the boat of Robert Shaw.Critics can say what they will regarding John Williams score for Jaws. As a â€Å"piece of music† it is not the kind of score that allows for listening while lying down on the coach for example. It is music that conjures up images. There are several suites — if the term can be freely used – that showcase Williams versatility as a scorer of music and as a producer who kn ows how to grab his audience by the collar.When it comes to music that creates a sense of suspense and hysteria the loaded â€Å"Shark Cage Fugue† bears listening to more than once. Similar treatment is due â€Å"The Great Shark Chase† and the nearly five minutes long â€Å"Man Against Beast†, where renditions of the familiar theme appears and disappears, interwoven with the theme associated with the actual shark hunting.However, Williams’ use of Quint’s â€Å"sailor song† as a recurring theme is used to great effect as a vehicle to mark the captain's inner resolution and character. He sings it when he is in a good mood, or when he needs to conjure up his muse: â€Å"†¦Farewell and a-do to you fair Spanish ladies, farewell and a-do to you ladies in Spain†¦Ã¢â‚¬    Williams interweaves this ditty at crucial parts of the film. Most notably when his ship â€Å"The Orca† is floundering and ready to sink. The shark is waiting â€Å"out there† somewhere and Quint is running out of luck. The music again — in this case not even the theme — is used to great effect.On a more technical note, it would be impossible to discuss the impact of the Jaws soundtrack on the film, without exploring how the music itself was packaged and made available to the public as a marketing tool. Andrew Drannon provides a valuable perspective on the issued soundtrack for Jaws, as well as an astute track by track breakdown of the music on it’s latest re-issue. Drannon mentions that the original Jaws score exists in three recordings: The original LP and a 1992 CD re-issue feature about half an hour of music that Williams rearranged and re-recorded for the sole purposes of the album, and this was for a long time the only available music from the picture. Drannon delves further into the music, saying:â€Å"†¦Film score collectors have been historically  Ã‚   quite adamant in their demands for comple te releases of soundtracks, namely for the scores of John Williams, which so often leave out highlights of the music and place them into confusing suites.  To some, this may seem a bit unneeded, due to the fact that the original 35-minute LP album featured a great majority of the score, with a few of the shorter cues actually expanded into suites.Still, for the 25th anniversary of the film, Decca saw fit to rescue  the entire musical work, minus the album expansions for a 51-minute CD release. Fans will be elated due to the inclusion of almost 30 minutes of new material, including fantastic cues not used in the film, which make up for the loss of the infamous original album developments†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Andrew Drannon pg 1)The final re-issue presents the jaws soundtrack into a more cohesive listening experience.Years after the film made its debut in theatres, after countless showings on television, after a Jaws Fest even, the music ha become an institution. There have been only a handful of films where the music has much such an impact: the James Bond franchise, Enrico Morricone with â€Å"The Good, The Bad and The Ugly, and possibly the Indiana Jones series. But none make the blood curl, create a knot in one’s stomach and send a chill up the spine like John Williams soundtrack for the original summer blockbuster, Jaws.References:Spielberg, Steven. Interview excerpts, Jaws 30th Anniversary Special EditionDVD linear notes, 2005Lindahl, Andreas. Scoreviews.Com. Internet article. pg 1 1998Ibid. pg 1Drannon, Andrew. Decca Music Group Sound Tracks Review: Jaws 25th Anniversary Edition. Internet article. pg 1. 2000

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